Chicago Referencing †Repeat Citations - Proofeds Writing Tips Blog

Chicago Referencing – Repeat Citations Chicago Referencing – Repeat Citations If you have a useful source text, you’ll often want to cite it more than once in your work. But the Chicago Manual of Style has specific rules for doing this, so you need to how it works! Here, then, is our guide to repeat citations in Chicago style referencing. Consecutive Repeat Citations In Chicago footnote referencing, when you cite the same source twice in a row, you can use the Latin abbreviation â€Å"ibid.† This literally translates as â€Å"in the same place.† If you are citing exactly the same page as before, you can use â€Å"ibid.† by itself. If you are citing a different part of the text, you should give the new page number(s), too. For instance: 1. Alan C. Jenkins, Wildlife in the City: Animals, Birds, Reptiles, Insects and Plants in an Urban Landscape (London: Holt Company, 1983), 13. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid., 102. Here, page 13 of Alan C. Jenkins’ Wildlife in the City is cited in footnotes 1 and 2, while page 102 is cited in footnote 3. This saves us from writing out the full source information each time. Non-Consecutive Repeat Citations What, though, do you do when you need to repeat a citation after you’ve cited another source? In this case, Chicago referencing uses a shortened footnote style. These shortened footnotes should include: The author’s surname The page(s) cited Non-consecutive citations of the same source would therefore look like this: 1. Alan C. Jenkins, Wildlife in the City: Animals, Birds, Reptiles, Insects and Plants in an Urban Landscape (London: Holt Company, 1983), 13. 2. Esther Woolfson, Corvus: A Life with Birds (London: Granta Publications, 2008), 234. 3. Jenkins, 102. If you have more than one source by the same author, however, you should also include a shortened version of the title. This will ensure the reader knows which source you’re citing. For instance: 1. Alan C. Jenkins, Wildlife in the City: Animals, Birds, Reptiles, Insects and Plants in an Urban Landscape (London: Holt Company, 1983), 13. 2. Esther Woolfson, Corvus: A Life with Birds (London: Granta Publications, 2008), 234. 3. Alan C. Jenkins, Introducing Cats (London: Spring Books, 1958), 24. 4. Jenkins, Wildlife in the City, 102. In this case, footnotes 1 and 4 point to the same source, while footnote 3 is another source by Jenkins. Author–Date Citations Chicago referencing also has an author–date system, which uses in-text citations. To reference the same source more than once in this, all you have to do is give the same citation again: Alan Jenkins (1983) describes how birds of prey survive in urban settings. He says that peregrine falcons are a â€Å"spectacular example of adaptive behavior† (Jenkins 1983, 13). All you need to do with repeat author–date citations, then, is make sure they are consistent!

15 English Words of Indian Origin

15 English Words of Indian Origin 15 English Words of Indian Origin 15 English Words of Indian Origin By Simon Kewin The English language has absorbed words from cultures the world over. The following is a list of some English words whose origins lie in the Hindi, Urdu or Sanskrit languages spoken in India, Pakistan and other countries. These words have entered English through a variety of routes, but the presence of many dates back to the days of the Raj, when India was occupied by the British. 1. Avatar In Hinduism, an avatar is the manifestation in human or animal form of a god, especially Vishnu. The word first appeared in English in the 18th century and derives ultimately from the Sanskrit word avatara meaning descent. More recently the word has gained additional senses, for example to refer to a computer user’s visual representation within a game, on a forum etc. 2. Bangle A rigid ornamental bracelet worn around the wrist (or ankle). Its appearance in English dates back to the 18th century. It derives from the Hindi word bangri meaning a glass ring or bracelet. 3. Bungalow A one-storied house. Derives from the Hindi word bangla meaning, literally, in the style of or belonging to Bengal. The word bungalow in English dates back to the 17th century when it was used to refer to a type of cottage built in Bengal for early European settlers. 4. Cheetah A long-legged big cat from Africa, the fastest land animal on Earth. Its black spots provide the clue to the origins of its name, which derives from the Hindi word cita, meaning speckled or variegated. 5. Chutney A thick, pickled condiment made from fruit, vinegar, spices and sugar. This word entered the English language in the 19th century and derives from the Hindi word chatni, whose meaning is more or less the same as the English word. 6. Cot This word has several meanings, but in the sense of a portable bed or a high-sided child’s bed, it derives from the Hindi word khat, meaning a bedstead or hammock. It arrived in the English language during the 17th century. 7. Guru Originally a Hindu or Sikh spiritual guide, guru entered English in the 17th century, where it now also means any important and respected intellectual guide or mentor. The original word in the Hindi and Sanskrit, also guru, means venerable. 8. Juggernaut In English, a juggernaut is an unstoppable force or movement that sweeps aside or destroys anything in its path. In the UK it is also used to refer to very large lorries (trucks). The word arrived in English in the 19th century and derives from the word Jagannath, a form of the Hindu deity Vishnu. 9. Jungle An area of dense vegetation or, by extension, any challenging or hostile environment. It derives from the Hindi word jangal meaning a forest and began to be used in English during the 18th century. 10. Loot Loot is both a noun and a verb. As a verb it means to ransack, to steal from someone or something, often in a violent way. The noun means whatever is stolen by the act of looting or, simply, any money. The word derives from the Hindi verb lut, meaning to plunder or steal. 11. Pyjamas/Pajamas A set of loose-fitting sleeping clothes, consisting of a jacket and trousers. The pajama spelling is used in North America. The word entered English in the 19th century. It derives from the Hindi word payjamah, meaning leg (pay) and clothing (jamah). 12. Shampoo A soapy liquid for washing the hair (or other things such as carpets). It arrived in English in the 18th century and derives from the Hindi word champo, meaning to squeeze, knead or massage. 13. Thug A brutal or violent person, it derives ultimately from the Hindi word thag meaning a thief or a cheat. It entered the English language early in the 19th century. 14. Veranda/Verandah A sheltered gallery or terrace attached to a house or some other building. The word began to appear in the English language early in the 18th century. In Hindi, the word varanda has a similar meaning. This is not the source of the word, however, as it is thought to derive from the Portuguese word varanda meaning a balcony. 15. Yoga This was originally a Sanskrit word meaning yoking or union. It refers to a system of Hindu philosophy concerned with achieving reunion with the divine. A part of this discipline involves meditation, breath control and the adoption of certain postures, which is how the word came to have the sense of a system of physical exercise. It entered English in the 19th century. Note: Hindi, Urdu and Sanskrit words in this article have been written in a simplified, anglicized form, using the representations employed by the Chambers 21st Century Dictionary. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:85 Synonyms for â€Å"Help†50 Idioms About Arms, Hands, and FingersPersonification vs. Anthropomorphism

No Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

No - Essay Example sis shall in addition provide a discussion on the suggestions of what are to be done in order to improve the profit performance of the industry in the future. The following analyses are the probable reasons for the reduction of the industry’s profit according to the London’s time and tide (2011) newspaper explanation. According to the Excellence Clothing Company journal of 2014, there is a general decrease in base of revenue for the company. The revenue of the industry declined from  £255063 to  £215623 from the years 2013 to 2014. Since profit is a direct related function of revenue, that is profit = revenue – cost (cost of sales). Such a reduction in revenue consequently leads to loss realization or profit decline. There can be quite a number of factors that may lead to such a reduction in revenues. The policies of London have been proved to be ignorant on the clothing industries. The policies have not allowed for any incentive offer to be given to the industry. There are also varieties of stringent restrictive actions imposed by the London policies that have subjected the industry to many operation ceilings (Clutterbuck, & Crainer, 2012). This means that the company cannot operate beyond a certain set level of production even if it has the capacity of doing so. Most of the policies especially those by the London government have imposed huge amount of taxation on the industry in the year 2014. The industry is being taxed hugely in cases where the clothing raw materials to be used are imported. The custom duty to be paid in such cases of raw materials importation have been cutting deep in to the amount of cost expenses that are to be paid by the industry. The company is as well expected to be paying excise duties monthly and submitting their returns for excise duty charges. The above mentioned costs of taxation are of a negative impact to the industries revenues. Since such costs have to be paid by the industry through making withdrawals and deductions

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 20

Management - Essay Example Currently, people at Mr. X’s hotel owing to his highly profitable management style share mutual goals, which is a kind of trend that results in delivering real value to customers. Following discussion will demonstrate key features of my interview with Mr. X and also explain how his experience added to my knowledge of management. Many factors internal and external to an organization can influence the role played by mangers in carrying out their job. Success of a company depends a lot on if a manager is a good planner and has a considerable experience in planning functions or not. Sometimes managers do not find it easy to fully commit themselves to their plans which can adversely affect both short and long-term goals of a company. Apart from managers’ inherent capabilities, it can be factors external to an organization like the state of an economy or a fiercely competitive business environment which can affect the role played by managers. Bad economy can prevent a manager from good planning. The essence of Mr. X’s narrative was that a manager should essentially view him/herself as a conscientious leader. This is because an ethically and socially responsible leader always remains keen on participating with his/her employees. This participative style is the key to sustain success in any organization. Mr. X also described different management styles to me. Some organizations are run like tribes where managers primarily focus on paternalistic authoritarian management. Such managers develop aggressive-defensive cultures which thrive on the use of coercive prods. These coercive means are used by employers to force employees to complete tasks (Cheng 2006, p. 59). This negatively impacts the rate of employee motivation in an organization. Participative style on the other hand advocates the idea that every member of an organization

Mountain Man Beer Company Essay Example for Free

Mountain Man Beer Company Essay Mr. Prangel as we all know Mountain Man Beer Company has been in the market over eight decades; manufacturing a beer known for its authenticity, quality and toughness. In all these years we have seen many regional breweries vanished by fatal decisions. Mountain Man Beer Company is still standing strong in the market, yet it has come the time to make a crucial decision regarding the future of our company. Before I present my recommendation I would like you to know that I am well aware of your father’s words when he talks about the company, when he says that â€Å"Mountain Man is still standing because we manufacture and exceptional beer with a great brand name, we have never lost sight of our core customer, and we have never been seduced by the other guy’s market†. Unfortunately due to changes in beer drinkers’ preferences and declines in sales for the first year, we need to consider different options to compensate for potential declines in sales in the coming years. Despite all our efforts to build brand equity in 2005 Mountain Man Lager Beer’s sales have declined for the first time in the history of the company by 2%, which could continue on the following years if no action is taken. On the other hand the Light Beer category, in which we have to presence at all, has been steadily gaining market share at a compound annual rate of 4% per year in the past 5 years. Light beer’s market share accounted for 50. 4% of volume sales in 2005. At this point we have two different options from which we can pick from with their pros and cons. The first strategy would be to keep doing what we are doing focusing on our core consumers, maintaining our company as a single product company. The second strategy, and the one I am recommending after looking at the industry’s numbers and different facts in the Beer industry, is to move to diversification of our product portfolio towards light beer to satisfy a new customer base, to catch up with the changing times and the lost in sales of our main product Mountain Man Lager Beer. Keep doing what we are doing The strategy consist in focusing in our core consumers and keeping our brand image of â€Å"Working man’s beer† as Oscar Prangel said â€Å"focusing on what we do best, not by attaching our brand to every conceivable version of a product. † Mountain Man Beer Company has been successful marketing to the blue collar, middle-to-lower income men over age 45, distinguishing from competitors with an old family brew resulting in a flavorful, bitter-tasting, high alcohol level beer, obtaining a brand loyalty rate of 53%. At the same time we have to take in consideration that the beer consumption in the US has declined 2. 3% plus the lost in market share of premium beers, going with this strategy could hurt the company in many ways. This strategy does not include introducing a light beer into the market, even though the market for light beer has been growing consistently 4% per year for the past 5 years. Pros:Keep brand image strong. No investment needed Focus on our core consumers. Cons:Beer consumption in US declined 2. 3% Sales decreased by 2% in 2005 (Appendix 1) 45 + years old beer drinkers are being overshadow by the key consumer segment for beer (21-27 years old) Light beer’s market is growing 4% per year while Premium beer has been losing 4% market share per year. Our Revenue will be considerably hurt in the next years (Appendix 2 3) Launch Mountain Man Light Mountain Man Beer Company will have to introduce a â€Å"light† beer to their product portfolio, to satisfy the growing demand of the younger beer drinkers and compensate the lost in sales of our main product Mountain Man Lager. Light beer is the fastest growing segment in the $75 billion beer industry in the US, accounting for 50. 4% and increasing at compound annual growth rate of 4%. There are many factors we need to take into consideration when launching Mountain Man Light, such as cannibalization, cost, and advertising. -We are shooting for a 0. 25% market share of the light beer consumption in 2006, while growing our share by a quarter of a percent per year the following years. We are projecting 48,735 barrels on 2006 (Appendix 4) -There is a risk of possible cannibalization from MM Light to MM Lager of 5% 20% according to Oscar. I will set cannibalization at 5% due to the fact that MM Lager drinkers consume our product for its roughness, and they are not likely to switch to a lighter version of MML. 25,480 barrels of beer will be cannibalize from MM Lager on 2006. (Appendix 5) -An advertising agency estimated that creating a 60% level of awareness for Mountain Man Light will cost $750,000 for an intensive six months. -Another cost to take in consideration is the increment selling general and administration which is $900,000 per year. -The cost of producing Mountain Man Light will be $71. 62 which is $4. 69 more than a Mountain Man Lager barrel, reducing our contribution margin from 31% to %26. 16. (Appendix 6) -We will see increase in Income and Revenue starting 2007 (Appendix 7) Appendix Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Mountain Man Sales Assuming 2% per year reduction Mountain Man Sales Assuming 2% per year reduction Appendix 3 Projected Income Statement | | | | Mountain Man Income Stament | 2005| 2006| 2007| | 520,000 Barrels| 509,600 Barrels| 499,408 Barrels | | | | | | | |. Net Revenue| | | 50,440,000 | 49,431,200 | 48,442,576 | | COGS| | | 34,803,600 | 34,107,528 | 33,425,377 | Gross Margin | | | 15,636,400 | 15,323,672 | 15,017,199 | | SGA| | | 9,583,600 | 9,391,928 | 9,204,089 | | Others| | | 1,412,320 | 1,384,074 | 1,412,320 | Operating Margin| | 4,640,480 | 4,547,670 | 4,400,789 | | Other Income| | 151,320 | 148,294 | 145,328 | Net Income Before Taxes| | 4,791,800 | 4,695,964 | 4,546,117 | | Provision for Income Tax| 1,677,130 | 1,631,230 | 1,598,605 | Net Income After Taxes| | 3,114,670 | 3,064,734 | 3,003,440 | Appendix 4Projected Market share| | | | | | | Year| Light Beer | MM Light| Market | | Consumption| 0. 25%| Share| | CAGR + %4| . +. 25% per year| | 2005| 18,744,303 | | 0. 00%| 2006| 19,494,075 | 48,735 | 0. 25%| 2007| 20,273,838 | 101,369 | 0. 50%| 2008| 21,084,792 | 158,136 | 0. 75%| | | | | Appendix 5 Cannibalize Barrels Cannibalize Barrels Contribution Margin Contribution Margin Appendix 6 Appendix 7 Projected Income Statement | | | | | Mountain Man Income Stament | 2005| 2006| 2007| | | 520,000| 484,120| 474,438 | BB Lager| | | | | | 74,215 | 126,339 | BB Light| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Net Revenue| | | $ 50,440,000 | $ 54,158,495 | $ 58,275,369 | | | COGS BB Lager| |. 34,803,600 | 32,402,151 | 31,754,135 | | | COGS BB Light| | | 5,315,278 | 9,048,399 | | Gross Margin | | | 15,636,400 | 16,441,066 | 17,472,834 | | | SGA (+900,000 yearly)| | | 9,583,600 | 11,190,114 | 11,072,320 | | | Others (+750,000)| | | 1,412,320 | 2,266,438 | 1,631,710 | | Operating Margin| | 4,640,480 | 2,984,514 | 4,768,804 | | | Other Income| | 151,320 | 162,475 | 174,826 | | Net Income Before Taxes| | 4,791,800 | 3,146,990 | 4,943,630 | | | Provision for Income Tax| 1,677,130 | 1,787,230 | 1,923,087 | | Net Income After Taxes| | 3,114,670 | 1,359,759 | 3,613,073 | |.

Telemachus in The Odyssey Essay -- Papers Odyssey Essays Papers

Telemachus in The Odyssey The first four books of the Odyssey are sometimes known as 'Telemachy'. It is a self-contained section that could in fact be easily removed, allowing the story to begin with Odysseus without damaging the plot. They deal with Telemachus' struggle and coming of age through his travels and quest. Telemachus is sent on his travels because although he has grown to adulthood, when Athene first visits him in book one, he is somewhat pathetic, lonely and very much a young boy and is not strong enough to remove the suitors from his father's palace: "Sitting disconsolate among the Suitors, imagining how his noble father might come back out of the blue, drive the Suitors headlong from the house, and so regain his royal honours, and reign over his own once more" Telemachus had no one strong to support him and there were 108 suitors for his mother. Telemachus at this point would not impress the great Odysseus (his father). As Telemachus was only an infant when his father left for Troy, he was desperate for some news about him. Telemachus says that he knows that he is Odysseus' son only by what he has been told and he is also very negative about ever finding his father, and his conviction that he is dead is obvious: "My father's unhappy end" Also, his grandfather Laertes was not at the palace and so he has no male role model to lead him on the right path to becoming a man. His travels also give Telemachus a chance to develop his own identity and Kleos and become a man. He develops somewhat in books one to four. Kleos in Homeric context meant what people said of you and defined how you'd be r... ...s, which tie him to his childlike life with his overly emotional mother. He needs to learn about being a hero and polite etiquette in the company of gods or heroic men. He must prepare himself for the imminent arrival of his father, which is delayed by Homer whilst Telemachus becomes a son resembling his father in ways other than physically. He gains a role model in characters such as Menelaus and a positive attitude that comes from reassuring words from him and confidence from Athene. Telemachus discovers the last known whereabouts of his father, is given hope that he could still be alive and learns that his father was indeed a hero with many important friends. We feel sorry for Telemachus' difficult childhood, and yet think that he needs to become a stronger, more confident character, that his father can be proud of.

Education †Law Essay

Life is too short for acquiring knowledge. Student life is mainly meant for studies. A student who devotes his full energy and time to his studies is a good son of his motherland. India needs mentally alert and able young men and women. It is the duty of students to acquire as much knowledge as they can during their student life. A nation of undisciplined citizens can never make any progress. Such a nation is always in danger of extinction. Indiscipline is a serious drawback of our national life. Not only students but also mature citizens, responsible leaders and honorable legislators, often behave in an undisciplined way. This shows that they did not get proper training in early life. Naturally, it becomes the most important duty of students to be fully disciplined. They should be disciplined in every thought and action. No one can become disciplined. It is essential in their life outside schools and colleges. The damaging of public property, burning of buses etc., are all signs of indiscipline. They are anit-national activities. Students must not indulge in them. During the national struggle for freedom, students were asked to take active part in the struggle. But in free India students must devote all their time to their studies. However, political parties use them to gain their own ends. In Gujarat, in Punjab, in Assam, in Bihar, and in other parts of the country, students were used as tools. They took part in agitations against price-rise, unemployment, or for the dissolution of some Legislative Assembly or the other at the cost of their studies. Students must safeguard themselves against their involvement in politics. It simply means wastage of time and energy. Only mature minds can be successful in politics. the first duty of students is to carry on their studies. They should avoid politics. A nation does not live by its big factories, dams or buildings. It can live only by the character of its people. During three hundred years of foreign rule, our moral character was shaken. Students are yet in the process of training. It is their sacred duty to build up their character. They must learn from the very beginning the lesson of self-help, self-reliance and self-sacrifice. These are the essential qualities of character which they  must acquire. They should learn to co-operate with each other in their class-rooms, on playgrounds and in other activities of college life. For them no duty is of greater importance than the development of character. Today communalism threatens to break the country into pieces. Religion is being used to secure votes. This must not be done. It is the duty of students to see that religion is declined from politics. Religion must not be misused for political purposes. Further, students must shun violence. Violence leads to terrorism. Every effort must be made to do away with it. Students as citizens of India must play an active part in putting down such evils. Students should participate in the political life of the country, but not at the cost of their studies. No doubt, the voting age has now been lowered to 18 years, but this does not mean that they should neglect their studies. Seasoned and experienced leaders are there to shape the destiny of the nation. Students will be required to take their place when they retire. They are the future builders of the nation. Their duty in the present is to prepare for the future. They should be well equipped morally, emotionally, mentally and physically. In this way alone would they do discharging their duty to their motherland.